Please provide your email address to receive an email when new articles are posted on . While reading the ophthalmic journals, I’ve often wished for a column that would explain some of the basic ...

Living systems are achieved by complex chemical reaction dynamics far from equilibrium, such as gene expression networks, signalling networks, metabolic circuits and neural networks. The design, ...

Two things have been overlooked with phasing amplitude modulation. One is the importance of pulse modulation; the other is that logic gates can be used for analog signal processing. Both of these ...

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) is a technique of converting analog signals into rectangular waveforms. The width of the waveform varies in proportion with the ...

As engineers, you use many components and devicesevery day that you treat as black boxes. You are concernedonly about the inputs and outputs of the blackbox, and that approach is acceptable provided ...

Scientists in the Emirates have conceived a new space vector pulse width modulation method that reportedly reduces switching losses and increase efficiency in three-phase photovoltaic inverters. The ...

Ever notice that the ESP32-S3 doesn’t have a digital-to-analog converter? [Chris] did and asserts that he doesn’t care because he can just use the PDM system to get the same result. PDM — pulse ...

What is duty cycle? Duty cycle is defined by the percentage of high voltage duration in a complete digital pulse. If the duty cycle is 50%, then it will remain on for exact half the duration of the ...

A signal generator, a general-purpose piece of test equipment, performs numerous measurements for a variety of applications requiring electromagnetic wave signals as stimuli. Its roots trace back to ...